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Research Interests

Preventive interventions and effectiveness evaluation; Occupational safety and health and risk of sharps injuries in the home care industry; Occupational and environmental epidemiology; Nonmalignant respiratory diseases including environmental exposures and exacerbation of asthma and COPD; occupational lifting and risk of retinal detachment; COVID-19 related occupational health and safety guidance for home care workers; Risk factors for severe COVID and Long-COVID (post-acute sequelae of COVID-19; PASC) to better understand etiology and target prevention.

Education

• Sc.D: Epidemiology/Work Environment Department, (1996), University of Massachusetts Lowell
• M.S.: Epidemiology, (1990), University of Massachusetts Lowell, - Lowell, MA
• B.S.: Nursing, (1987), University of Massachusetts Lowell

Biosketch

Susan Sama is a Research Professor in the Department of Public Health with over 25 years of experience conducting occupational safety and health research on a variety of occupational and environmental exposures, injuries and disease. She develops innovative interventions for protecting home care workers with a focus on prevention. Another facet of Sama鈥檚 research is conducting observational research investigating risk factors for severe COVID-19 and Long COVID (PASC) and the natural history of the disease in a community-based Massachusetts cohort.

Selected Publications

• Sama SR, Quinn MM, Gore RJ, Galligan CJ, Kriebel D, Markkanen PK, Lindberg JE, Fallon PJ. The Safe Home Care Intervention Study: Implementation Methods and Effectiveness Evaluation. Journal of Applied Gerontology. 2024;0(0):07334648241246472. doi: 10.1177/07334648241246472. PubMed PMID: 38652665.
• Markkanen PK, Gore RJ, Sama SR, Lindberg JE, Galligan CJ, Quinn MM. Coaching Home Care Clients to Prepare Their Homes for Safe Care Visits: A Mixed-Methods Study to Evaluate a Nurse-Led Educational Intervention Process. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2024;21(3):360. PubMed PMID: doi:10.3390/ijerph21030360.
• Brouillette N, Markkanen P, Quinn M, Galligan C, Sama S, Lindberg J, Karlsson N. Aide and Client Safety 鈥淪hould Go Hand-In-Hand鈥�: Qualitative Findings From Home Care Aides, Clients, and Agency Leaders. Journal of Applied Gerontology. 2022;0(0):07334648221146769. doi: 10.1177/07334648221146769. PubMed PMID: 36565062.
• Sama SR, Gore R, Bauer AZ, Garber L, Rosiello R, Sundaresan D, McDonald A, Kriebel D. Targeting patients for early COVID-19 therapy; Pre-infection metabolic dysfunction, polycystic ovary syndrome and risk of severe disease in patients under 65: A Massachusetts community-based observational study. PLoS One. 2023 Jun 15;18(6):e0287430. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0287430. PMID: 37319299; PMCID: PMC10270632.聽
• Brouillette NM, Markkanen PK, Quinn MM, Galligan CJ, Sama SR, Lindberg JE, Karlsson ND. Aide and Client Safety "Should Go Hand-In-Hand": Qualitative Findings From Home Care Aides, Clients, and Agency Leaders. J Appl Gerontol. 2023 Apr;42(4):571-580. doi: 10.1177/07334648221146769. Epub 2022 Dec 24. PMID: 36565062; PMCID: PMC9996781.聽
• Eyllon M, Dang AP, Barnes JB, Buresh J, Peloquin GD, Hogan AC, Shimotsu ST,聽Sama SR, Nordberg SS. Associations between psychiatric morbidity and COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy: An analysis of electronic health records and patient survey.聽Psychiatry Res. 2022 Jan;307:114329. doi: 10.1016/j.psychres.2021.114329.Epub 2021 Dec 7. PubMed PMID: 34910966; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC8648380.聽
• Quinn MM, Markkanen PK, Galligan CJ, Sama SR, Lindberg JE, Edwards MF. Healthy Aging Requires a Healthy Home Care Workforce: the Occupational Safety and Health of Home Care Aides.聽Curr Envir Health Rpt聽8, 235鈥�244 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40572-021-00315-7https://doi.org/10.1007/s40572-021-00315-7. Available open access.聽
• Sama SR, Quinn M.M., Galligan CJ, Karlsson ND, Gore RJ, Kriebel D, Prentice JC, Osei-Poku G, Carter CN, Markkanen PK, Lindberg JL. Impacts of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Home Health and Home Care Agency Managers, Clients, and Aides: A Cross-Sectional Survey, March to June, 2020. Home Health Care Management & Practice (2021) 33(2) 125鈥�129. doi.org/10.1177/1084822320980415.聽
• The Impact of COVID-19 on Home Health and Home Care in Massachusetts (2020) 51视频 Safe Home Care Project and Betsy Lehman Center for Patient Safety. 漏2020 Betsy Lehman Center for Patient Safety, 501 Boylston Street, 5th Floor, Boston, MA 02116.聽
• Markkanen, P., Brouillette, N., Quinn, M.M. Galligan C.J.,聽Sama S.R., Lindberg J.E., Karlsson N.D. 鈥淚t changed everything鈥�: The Safe Home Care qualitative study of the COVID-19 pandemic鈥檚 impact on home care aides, clients, and managers. BMC Health Serv Res (2021) 21, 1055, doi.org/10.1186/s12913-021-07076-x.聽
• Lindberg JE,聽Quinn M.M., Gore RJ, Galligan CJ,聽Sama SR, Sheikh NN, Markkanen PK, Parker-Vega A, Karlsson ND, LeBouf RF, Virji MA. Assessment of home care aides鈥� respiratory exposure to total volatile organic compounds and chlorine during simulated bathroom cleaning: An experimental design with conventional and 鈥済reen鈥� products, Journal of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene, (2021) 18:6, 276-287, DOI:10.1080/15459624.2021.1910280, PubMed PMID: 34004120聽
• Bauer AZ, Gore R,聽Sama SR, Rosiello R, Garber L, Sundaresan D, McDonald A, Arruda P, Kriebel D. Hypertension, medications, and risk of severe COVID-19: A Massachusetts community-based observational study.聽J Clin Hypertens聽(Greenwich). 2021 Jan;23(1):21-27. PubMed Central PMCID: PMC7753489.聽
• Kriebel D,聽Sama SR, Bradbury M, Buchholz B, Curti S, Daines B, Deliso K, DeVries R, Fleckner T, Gore R, Mattioli S, Shah C, Wegman DH. Risk Factors for Retinal Detachment: A Case-Control Study. J Occup Environ Med. 2020 Jun;62(6):445-451. PubMed Central PMCID: PMC9069176.聽
• Karlsson, N.D., Markkanen, P., Kriebel, D., Gore, R.J., Galligan, C.J.,聽Sama, S., Quinn, M.M. (2019). Home care aides' experiences of verbal abuse: a survey of characteristics and risk factors.聽Occupational and environmental medicine,76(7) 448-454.聽
• Goodyear, N., Markkanen, P., Beato-Melendez, C., Mohamed, H., Gore, R., Galligan, C.,聽Sama, S., Quinn, M.M., (2017). Cleaning and disinfection in home care: A comparison of two commercial products with potentially different consequences for respiratory health (ePub ahead of print).聽American Journal of Infection Control.聽
• Luckmann, R., White, M.J., Costanza, M.E., Frisard, C.F., Cranos, C.,聽Sama, S., Yood, R. (2017). Implementation and process evaluation of three interventions to promote screening mammograms delivered for 4聽years in a large primary care population.聽Translational behavioral medicine,7(3) 547-556.聽
• Sama, S., Kriebel, D., Gore, R.J., DeVries, R., Rosiello, R. (2017). Environmental triggers of COPD symptoms: a case cross-over study.聽BMJ open respiratory research,4(1) e000179.聽
• Mapel, D., Lalibert茅, F., Roberts, M.H.,聽Sama, S., Sundaresan, D., Pilon, D., Lefebvre, P., Duh, M.S., Patel, J. (2017). A retrospective study to assess clinical characteristics and time to initiation of open-triple therapy among patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, newly established on long-acting mono- or combination therapy.聽International journal of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease,12聽1825-1836.聽
• DeVries, R., Kriebel, D.,聽Sama, S.聽(2017). Outdoor Air Pollution and COPD-Related Emergency Department Visits, Hospital Admissions, and Mortality: A Meta-Analysis.聽COPD,14(1) 113-121.聽
• Markkanen, P., Quinn, M.M., Galligan, C.,聽Sama, S., Gore, R., Sun, C., Okyere, D., Brouillette, N. (2016). P6-3 Combining qualitative and quantitative research methods to assess occupational exposures and interventions among homecare aides.聽Occupational and Environmental Medicine,73(Suppl 1) A94鈥揂94.聽
• DeVries, R., Kriebel, D.,聽Sama, S.聽(2016). Validation of the breathlessness, cough and sputum scale to predict COPD exacerbation.聽NPJ primary care respiratory medicine,26聽16083.聽
• DeVries, R., Kriebel, D.,聽Sama, S.聽(2016). Low level air pollution and exacerbation of existing copd: a case crossover analysis.聽Environmental health: a global access science source,15(1) 98.聽
• Quinn, M.M., Markkanen, P., Galligan, C.J.,聽Sama, S., Kriebel, D., Gore, R.J., Brouillette, N.M., Okyere, D., Sun, C., Punnett, L., others, . (2016). Occupational health of home care aides: results of the safe home care survey.聽Occupational and environmental medicine,73(4) 237 - 245.聽
• Markkanen, P., Quinn, M.M.,聽Sama, S.聽(2015).聽When the Home is a Workplace: Promoting Safety and Health for a Vulnerable Workforce聽(pp. 94-103). Rutgers University Press聽
• Sama, S., Kriebel, D., Gore, R.J. (University of Massachusetts Lowell), DeVries, R.R. (University of Massachusetts Lowell) (2015). Environmental triggers of COPD symptoms: a cross-sectional survey.聽COPD Research and Practice,1(12) 8.聽
• Hunt, P.R., Friesen, M.C.,聽Sama, S., Ryan, L., Milton, D. (2015). Log-Linear Modeling of Agreement among Expert Exposure Assessors.聽The Annals of occupational hygiene,59(6) Updated Selected Publications for Susan Sama 764-74.聽
• Markkanen, P., Galligan, C., Laramie, A., Fisher, J.,聽Sama, S., Quinn, M.M. (2015). Understanding sharps injuries in home healthcare: The Safe Home Care qualitative methods study to identify pathways for injury prevention.聽BMC public health,15(1) 359.聽
• Galligan, C.J., Markkanen, P., Fantasia, L.M., Gore, R.J.,聽Sama, S., Quinn, M.M. (2015). A growing fire hazard concern in communities: home oxygen therapy and continued smoking habits.聽NEW SOLUTIONS: A Journal of Environmental and Occupational Health Policy,24(4) 535鈥�554.聽
• Quinn, M.M., Markkanen, P., Galligan, C.,聽Sama, S., Kriebel, D., Gore, R., Punnett, L., Davis, L., Laramie, A., Brouillette, N., others, . (2014). Quantifying Hazardous Occupational Exposures and Injuries in Home Care: Results from the Safe Home Care Survey.聽Occupational and environmental medicine,71(Suppl 1) A39鈥揂39.聽
• Kriebel, D., Brouillette, N., Markkanen, P., Galligan, C.,聽Sama, S., Gore, R., Laramie, A., Okyere, D., Sun, C., Davis, L., Quinn, M. (2014). 0289 Preventing needlesticks and other sharps injuries to home care aides: results of a survey to identify hazards during home visits.聽Occupational and Environmental Medicine,71(Suppl 1) A36鈥揂37.聽
• Markkanen, P., Quinn, M.M., Galligan, C.,聽Sama, S., Brouillette, N., Okyere, D. (2014). Characterizing the nature of home care work and occupational hazards: a developmental intervention study.聽American Journal of Industrial Medicine,57(4) 445-57.聽
• Shorter, J.H., Nelson, D.D., McManus, J.B., Zahniser, M.S.,聽Sama, S., Milton, D.K. (2011). Clinical study of multiple breath biomarkers of asthma and COPD (NO, CO(2), CO and N(2)O) by infrared laser spectroscopy.聽Journal of breath research,5(3) 037108.聽
• Costanza, M.E., Luckmann, R., White, M.J., Rosal, M.C., Cranos, C., Reed, G., Clark, R.,聽Sama, S., Yood, R. (2011). Design and methods for a randomized clinical trial comparing three outreach efforts to improve screening mammography adherence.聽BMC health services research,11聽145.聽
• Wan, E.S., DeMeo, D.L., Hersh, C.P., Shapiro, S.D., Rosiello, R.A.,聽Sama, S., Fuhlbrigge, A.L., Foreman, M.G., Silverman, E.K. (2011). Clinical predictors of frequent exacerbations in subjects with severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).聽Respiratory medicine,105(4) 588-94.聽
• Quinn, M.M., Markkanen, P., Galligan, C.J., Kriebel, D., Chalupka, S.M., Kim, H., Gore, R.J.,聽Sama, S., Laramie, A.K., Davis, L. (2009). Sharps injuries and other blood and body fluid exposures among home health care nurses and aides.聽American Journal of Public Health,99 Suppl 3聽S710-7.聽
• Corradi, M., Acampa, O., Goldoni, M., Andreoli, R., Milton, D.,聽Sama, S., Rosiello, R., de Palma, G., Apostoli, P., Mutti, A. (2009). Metallic elements in exhaled breath condensate and serum of patients with exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.聽Metallomics : integrated biometal science,1(4) 339-45.聽
• Markkanen, P., Chalupka, S., Galligan, C.,聽Sama, S., Gore, R., Kim, H., Bello, A., Kriebel, D., Quinn, M.M. (2008). Studying home health care nurses and aides: research design and challenges.聽Journal of Research in Nursing,13聽480-495.聽
• Lowery, E.P., Henneberger, P.K., Rosiello, R.,聽Sama, S., Preusse, P., Milton, D.K. (2007). Quality of life of adults with workplace exacerbation of asthma.聽Quality of life research : an international journal of quality of life aspects of treatment, care and rehabilitation,16(10) 1605-13.聽
• Bolen, A.R., Henneberger, P.K., Liang, X.,聽Sama, S., Preusse, P.A., Rosiello, R.A., Milton, D.K. (2007). The validation of work-related self-reported asthma exacerbation.聽Occupational and environmental medicine,64(5) 343-8.聽
• Henneberger, P.K., Derk, S.J.,聽Sama, S., Boylstein, R.J., Hoffman, C.D., Preusse, P.A., Rosiello, R.A., Milton, D.K. (2006). The frequency of workplace exacerbation among health maintenance organisation members with asthma.聽Occupational and environmental medicine,63(8) 551-7.聽
• Sama, S., Milton, D.K., Hunt, P.R., Houseman, E.A., Henneberger, P.K., Rosiello, R.A. (2006). Case-by-case assessment of adult-onset asthma attributable to occupational exposures among members of a health maintenance organization.聽Journal of occupational and environmental medicine,48(4) 400-7.聽
• Sama, S., Hunt, P.R., Cirillo, C.I., Marx, A., Rosiello, R.A., Henneberger, P.K., Milton, D.K. (2003). A longitudinal study of adult-onset asthma incidence among HMO members.聽Environmental health : a global access science source,2(1) 10.聽
• Holcroft, C.A., Eisen, E.A.,聽Sama, S., Wegman, D. (2003). Measurement characteristics of peak expiratory flow.聽Chest,124(2) 501-10.聽
• Virji, M.A., Woskie, S.,聽Sama, S., Kriebel, D., Eberiel, D. (2000). Identifying the determinants of viable microorganisms in the air and bulk metalworking fluids.聽AIHAJ : a journal for the science of occupational and environmental health and safety,61(6) 788-97.聽
• Kaufman, J.D., Cohen, M.A.,聽Sama, S., Shields, J.W., Kalat, J. (1998). Occupational skin diseases in Washington State, 1989 through 1993: using workers' compensation data to identify cutaneous hazards.聽American journal of public health,88(7) 1047-51.聽
• Kriebel, D.,聽Sama, S., Woskie, S., Christiani, D.C., Eisen, E.A., Hammond, S.K., Milton, D.K., Smith, M., Virji, M.A. (1997). A field investigation of the acute respiratory effects of metal working fluids. I. Effects of aerosol exposures.聽American journal of industrial medicine,31(6) 756-66.聽
• Sama, S., Kriebel, D., Woskie, S., Eisen, E., Wegman, D., Virji, M.A. (1997). A field investigation of the acute respiratory effects of metal working fluids. II. Effects of airborne sulfur exposures.聽American journal of industrial medicine,31(6) 767-76.聽
• Woskie, S., Virji, M.A., Kriebel, D.,聽Sama, S., Eberiel, D., Milton, D.K., Hammond, S.K., Moure-Eraso, R. (1996). Exposure assessment for a field investigation of the acute respiratory effects of metalworking fluids. I. Summary of findings.聽American Industrial Hygiene Association journal,57(12) 1154-62.聽
• Kriebel, D.,聽Sama, S., Cocanour, B. (1993). Reversible pulmonary responses to formaldehyde. A study of clinical anatomy students.聽The American review of respiratory disease,148(6 Pt 1) 1509-15.聽
• Sama, S., Martin, T.R., Davis, L.K., Kriebel, D. (1990). Cancer incidence among Massachusetts firefighters, 1982-1986.聽American journal of industrial medicine,18(1) 47-54.

Selected Presentations

• The National Occupational Research Agenda (NORA) Healthcare and Social Assistance Industry Sector Council Meeting: An Update on Healthcare Services in the Next Phase of COVID-19, July 8, 2020.
• Study Methods: COVID-19 severity and the association to use of hypertension medications, Zuckerberg College of Health and Sciences Retreat, May 5, 2020.
• Study Results: COVID-19 severity and the association to use of hypertension medications. 2020 Faculty Symposium, December 2, 2020.
• Cleaning and Disinfection in Home Healthcare: Integrating Qualitative and Quantitative Methods to Assess Caregivers鈥� Exposure to Cleaning and Disinfection Products. - ICOH 2018 Conference, April 2018 - Dublin, Ireland
• Respiratory irritant exposures during cleaning and disinfecting in home care: preliminary results from the Safe Home Care Study - 26th International Epidemiology in Occupational Health (EPICOH) Conference, August 2017 - Edinburgh, United Kingdom
• Environmental and Occupational Triggers of COPD Symptoms: A case crossover study - The 26th International Symposium on Epidemiology in Occupational Health (EPICOH) , August 2017 - Edinburgh
• Homecare Work: Integrating Qualitative and Quantitative Research Methods to Assess Musculoskeletal Strain among Aides - The First Global Carework Summit, June 2017 - Lowell, Massachusetts, USA
• An integrated approach to infection and respiratory illness prevention in home healthcare: preliminary results of the safe home care cleaning and disinfecting study - 25th International Epidemiology in Occupational Health (EPICOH) Conference, September 2016 - Barcelona, Spain
• Evaluating the connection between healthcare worker and patient safety using the care bond framework - 25th International Epidemiology in Occupational Health (EPICOH) Conference, September 2016 - Barcelona, Spain
• Combining Qualitative and Quantitative Research Methods to Assess Occupational Exposures and Interventions among Homecare Aides - 8th International Conference on the Science of Exposure Assessment in Epidemiology and Practice, September 2016 - Barcelona, Spain
• Safe cleaning and disinfecting for home care aide and client health - American Public Health Association (APHA) 143rd Annual Meeting, November 2015 - Chicago (IL), USA
• Hazardous Occupational Exposures and Injuries in Home Care: Results from the Safe Home Care Survey - 10th International Occupational Hygiene Association (IOHA) Scientific Conference, April 2015 - London, UK
• Quantifying hazardous occupational exposures and injuries in home care: Results from the Safe Home Care survey - 24th International Epidemiology in Occupational Health (EPICOH) Conference, June 2014 - Chicago (IL), USA
• Why are needlesticks and other sharps injuries occurring in home healthcare? - American Public Health Association (APHA) 141st Annual Meeting and Exposition, November 2013 - Boston (MA), USA
• Risks of occupational safety and health hazards among home care aides - American Association of Public Health (APHA) 141st Annual Meeting and Exposition, November 2013 - Boston (MA), USA
• Occupational safety and health hazards among home care aides - American Public Health Association (APHA) 140th Annual Meeting and Exposition, October 2012 - San Francisco (CA), USA
• Combining Qualitative and Quantitative Measures in Occupational Health - A Case Study on Bloodborne Pathogen Exposures in Home Healthcare - Education and Research Center (ERC) & Work Health and Well-being Seminar Series at Harvard School of Public Health, September 2010 - Boston (MA), USA
• Methods for qualitative measures informing quantitative measures in occupational health - a case study - 6th International Occupational and Environmental Exposure Assessment Conference, August 2009 - Boston (MA), USA
• Assessment of blood exposures among home healthcare workers: linking qualitative and quantitative methods for more precise exposure estimation - 6th International Occupational and Environmental Exposure Assessment Conference, August 2009 - Boston (MA), USA
• Risk of sharps injuries and blood exposures among home health care workers - American Public Health Association (APHA) 136th Annual Meeting and Exposition. , October 2008 - San Diego (CA), USA
• Project SHARRP: Survey methods and recruitment of a population of home healthcare providers - American Public Health Association (APHA) 135th Annual Meeting and Exposition, November 2007 - Washington DC, USA
• Sharps Injuries & Blood Exposures Among Home Health Care Workers - 19th International Epidemiology in Occupational Health (EPICOH) Conference, October 2007 - Banff (Alberta), Canada

Selected Contracts, Fellowships, Grants and Sponsored Research

• The Safe Home Care Project. Grant. Quinn, M.M., Kriebel, D., Goodyear, N., Markkanen, P., Sama, S., Lindberg, J. Role: Nurse, Epidemiologist
  • Sharps Injuries and Blood Exposures in Home Health Care - (2004-2009)
  • Safety & Health for Home Care Workers in Social Assistance and Healthcare - (2010-2014)
  • Homecare Work in Social Assistance and Healthcare: Safe Cleaning and Disinfection (2015-2018)
  • Safety and Health for Home Care Aides in Healthcare and Social Assistance: The Safe Home Care Intervention Study (2019-2023)
• COVID-19 severity and the association to use of hypertension medications, April 2020, UML Seed grant. Role: Co-Investigator
• Heavy lifting and risk of retinal detachment: A case control study, September 2014-August 2019, Grant. Role: Co-Investigator
• Home and community exposures in COPD exacerbation: A pilot case cross-over study, September 2009-August 2013, Grant. Role: Co-Principal Investigator